By Benjamin Lewin
"Genes VII", the seventh of the "Genes" texts, supplies an built-in account of the constitution and serve as of genes, supplying a synthesis and carrying on with the larger emphasis on how genes functionality of their organic context. In a metamorphosis to all past variants, which began with a conventional research of formal genetics, this seventh version has been prepared to offer the topic within the context of the eukaryotic gene as published within the Nineties, an research dependent at once at the molecular homes of the gene itself.
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Extra info for Genes VII
Sample text
But if a null mutant fails to affect a phenotype, we may safely conclude that the gene function is not necessary. 19 Genes code for proteins; dominance 41 42 is explained by the properties of mutant proteins. A recessive allele does not contribute to the phenotype because it produces no protein (or protein that is nonfunctional). Null mutations, or other mutations that impede gene function (but do not necessarily abolish it entirely) are called loss-of-function mutations. 19). Sometimes a mutation has the opposite effect and causes a protein to acquire a new function; such a change is called a gain-of-function mutation.
There is a crucial difference in the effects of two mutations in the same gene that depends on whether they are in cis or trans configuration. This gave rise to the development of the cis/trans complementation test, which defines a gene as a unit that must be present on one chromosome. In a diploid that carries two different mutations at a particular gene locus, the distribution of the mutations determines whether a functional allele is present. If both mutations are in cis on one allele, the other allele has no mutations, and is wild type.
19). Sometimes a mutation has the opposite effect and causes a protein to acquire a new function; such a change is called a gain-of-function mutation. A gain-of-function mutation is dominant. If a recessive mutation is produced by every change in a gene that prevents the production of an active protein, there should be a large number of such mutations in any one gene. Many amino acid replacements may change the structure of the protein sufficiently to impede its function. Different variants of the same gene are called multiple alleles, and their existence makes it possible to create a heterozygote between mutant alleles.