By Marcia Gladwin RDH EdD, Michael Bagby DDS PhD
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Extra resources for Clinical Aspects of Dental Materials
Sample text
9). Each material has its own requirements for the design of the cavity preparation. When initially placed, a direct material is a putty-like material that sets to become a hard, strong material. Direct restorative materials include: (a) Amalgam, a metallic material that is formed by combining liquid mercury with powdered metals. The freshly mixed amalgam is placed directly in the cavity, is carved to resemble the missing tooth structure, and then hardens (see Figs. 9). (b) Composites, which are esthetic materials that polymerize in the mouth.
In dentistry, we bend orthodontic wires and clasps of partial dentures. We also use instruments to adapt (marginate) the edges of a gold restoration closely to the tooth. All are examples of bending metals, a process that forces the atoms to slide against each other. It is the metallic bond that enables metals to have such useful properties. B. Ceramics The atoms of a ceramic material are bonded with ionic bonds. Table salt (sodium chloride) is a good example. Salt is strong but brittle. If enough force is applied to a grain of salt, it can be crushed.
2). The attraction forces overpower the repulsive forces, and the result is a strong material. 2. Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds between two atoms are the result of two atoms sharing a pair of electrons (Fig. 3). Sharing electrons with other atoms allows an atom to fill its outer shell with electrons and, thus, to lower its energy. How does sharing a pair of electrons bond two atoms together? The physical space that an electron occupies around the nucleus is called an orbital, and it is centered around the nucleus when not involved in an atomic bond.