By R. Marks (auth.), R. M. Marks, S. P. Barton, C. Edwards (eds.)
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Allergy, 39, 359 Serup, J. (1984). Localized scleroderma (morphoea): thickness of sclerotic plaques as measured by 15 MHz pulsed ultrasound. Acta Dermatol. , Moseley, H. C. (1986). Nail thickness by ultrasound. Bioeng. M. L. (1981). Cross-sectional ultrasonic scanning of the skin using plastic film transducers. Bioeng. Skin Newsletter, 3, 214 44 SKIN IMAGING 22. W. and Rehpenning, W. (1985). Ultrasonic diagnosis of malignant tumours of the skin. Bioeng. Skin, 1, 76 23. , Hicks, R. and Dyson, E.
This relationship is dealt with in some detail later. A further reason for developing methods of skin thickness measurement and skin imaging based on the use of probing energies such as ultrasound or electromagnetic waves is that in a comparative sense, these are non-invasive techniques. In the sense that any measurement must disturb the measurand to some extent, then there is no non-invasive method. However, if one compares the degree of damage done to the tissue under investigation using ultrasound, then this is of a far smaller degree than the damage induced by the use of skin biopsy in order to accomplish the same end.
A choice must be made from a considerable variety of methods of summarizing data. Ways of exploring and examining the data before choosing the summary and analysis are considered here. DATA STRUCTURE A well-chosen method of data summary is one which gives a representative central value and also indicates how widely dispersed the observations are. For example, if the maximum diameters of skin lesions, measured in millimetres (an interval scale of measurement), are symmetrically distributed with the bulk of observations clustered around the middle of the range and with maximum and minimum values approximately equal distances from the middle, a set of such observations could be summarized by calculating the mean value and the standard deviation of the values in the set.