By Kevin Pyke
Plastids dwell in all plant cells, and tackle various types in terms of their mobile functionality, biochemistry and garage means. the trendy period of molecular biology and molecular genetics has enabled a lot to be learnt approximately how plastids functionality, and the way they relate to their evolutionary earlier. during this available textual content, Kevin Pyke expertly describes how the plastids are hugely advanced organelles on the very center of plant mobile functionality, supplying ultimate 12 months undergraduate and graduate scholars with an summary of plastid biology and up to date advancements within the box. themes coated comprise: a attention of alternative plastid varieties and the way they relate to mobilephone functionality; plastid genomes and the way proteins are imported into plastids; photosynthesis and middle facets of plastid biochemistry; plastid signalling and performance inside a mobile context; and plastid genetic manipulation. Supplementary color photographs can be found on-line at www.cambridge.org/9780521885010.
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Extra info for Plastid Biology
Example text
There is significant variation between species in this characteristic, in that mature wheat chloroplasts contain 10–30 nucleoids with 70–80 plastid genomes per nucleoid, whereas mature tobacco chloroplasts contain 8–40 nucleoids each containing ten genomes. Numbers of nucleoids within a plastid also vary with plastid type and developmental status but, other than in the proplastid, where there is a single nucleoid in its centre, plastids normally contain several nucleoids, which are associated primarily with the inner plastid envelope membrane (Fig.
Immediately adjacent to the vasculature in the middle of the root. Root plastids also demonstrate extensive structures called stromules, which are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 8. Proteinoplasts In the past, plastids that accumulate significant levels of protein have been termed proteinoplasts or proteoplasts, aleuroplasts and aleuronaplasts although in recent times, such names seem to have been lost from the plastid literature. All photosynthetic plastids contain significant levels of protein in the stroma, primarily that of the carbon dioxide fixation enzyme, ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase, usually termed RUBISCO, which can accumulate to significant levels in the stroma and in extreme circumstances can form crystalline arrays of the holoenzyme.
Exactly why these inverted repeats are present in the plastid genome and how they function is unclear, since they vary in size between different species and, in some higher plants such as members of the Leguminosae and several algal species, they are absent (Fig. 6). One function of the inverted repeat may be to increase copy number of important genes, since genes encoding rRNA destined for the plastid’s own ribosomes are present within the inverted repeat. In addition, the inverted repeat may contribute stability to the plastid molecule, although such considerations have really only been used when considering the ptDNA as a circular molecule.