By Alice M Roberts
Deals an entire assessment of the advance, shape, functionality, and issues of the human physique, from muscle constitution and task to motor pathways in the brain.
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Extra resources for Human anatomy : the definitive visual guide
Example text
Parietal bone Forms the roof and side of the skull SKELETAL SYSTEM Parietal bone HEAD AND NECK 034 Zygomatic bone Occipital bone Forms the lower part of the back of the skull Frontal bone Zygomatic bone This roughly triangular bone connects the frontal bone, maxilla, and temporal bone Temporal bone Articulates with the parietal, sphenoid, and occipital bones and contains the ear apparatus, including the ossicles Mastoid process ARTICULATED VIEW Maxilla Nasal bones Two bones, attaching to the frontal bone above and the maxillae to the side, form the bridge of the nose Angle of mandible The masseter muscle attaches down to this angle, which tends to be slightly flared outward in men Ramus of mandible Orbital surface of maxilla Body of mandible The mandible develops as two separate bones, which fuse in infancy DISARTICULATED VIEW MALLEUS STAPES INCUS OSSICLES OF THE EAR Alveolar process of mandible Projects up from the mandible and forms the sockets for the lower teeth Alveolar process of maxilla Projects down from the maxilla and forms the sockets for the upper teeth Maxilla Articulates with the opposite maxilla in the midline, with the nasal, frontal, and lacrimal bones above, and the sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine bones Vomer Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Petrous part of temporal bone HEAD AND NECK Sphenoid bone 035 036 SKELETAL SYSTEM T1 (first thoracic) vertebra Clavicle First rib Smaller and more curved than all the other ribs; the thoracic inlet is formed by the first rib on each side, together with the manubrium sterni and the body of the T1 vertebra Scapula Second costal cartilage The upper seven ribs are true ribs, and all attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages Third rib Fourth rib Fifth rib Sixth rib Seventh rib Eighth to tenth ribs The costal cartilages of these ribs each attach to the costal cartilage above Eleventh and twelfth ribs These are also called floating ribs because they do not attach to any others 037 THORAX Transverse process of T1 Each rib articulates with the transverse processes of the corresponding thoracic vertebra Head of first rib The heads of the ribs articulate with the bodies of vertebrae Manubrium sterni The sternum is shaped like a dagger or short sword; manubrium means handle or hilt in Latin Manubriosternal joint Body of sternum Sternum comes from the Greek for breastbone Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process The tip of the sternum takes its name from the Greek word for sword THORAX ANTERIOR (FRONT) The skeleton of the thorax plays several extremely important roles.
The shoulder joint, the most mobile joint in the body, is a ball-and-socket joint, but the socket is small and shallow, allowing the ball-shaped head of the humerus to move freely. Glenoid fossa Shallow area that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming part of the shoulder socket SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM Radius Capitulum of humerus Ball-like part of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius; its name comes from the Latin for little head Lateral epicondyle Forms an anchor for the extensor muscles of the forearm Radial fossa The head of the radius swings around to occupy this shallow cavity when the elbow is flexed Coronoid fossa This depression accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is fully flexed Shaft of humerus Like other long bones, this is a cylinder of compact (or cortical) bone, containing a marrow cavity Ulna Coronoid process Trochlea of humerus Forms a joint with the ulna; its name comes from the Latin for pulley Medial epicondyle Flexor muscles of the forearm attach to this projection from the inner side of the humerus ANTERIOR (FRONT) Glenoid cavity Spine of scapula Acromion Clavicle Supraspinous fossa This is the depression above the spine of the scapula, where the supraspinatus muscle is attached Spiral groove This faint line marks where the radial nerve spirals around the posterior aspect of the humerus Inferior angle SKELETAL SYSTEM The back of the scapula is divided into two sections by its spine.
Anterior superior iliac spine This is the anterior (front) end of the iliac crest Ala of sacrum The bony masses to the sides of the sacrum are called the alae, which means wings in Latin Anterior sacral foramina Anterior (frontal) branches of the sacral spinal nerves pass out through these holes Pubic symphysis A cartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones Pubic tubercle This small bony projection provides an attachment point for the inguinal ligament Obturator foramen This hole is largely closed over by a membrane, with muscles attaching on either side; its name comes from the Latin for stopped up ABDOMEN AND PELVIS Semi-movable cartilaginous joints are formed by bones separated by a disc of resilient and compressible fibrocartilage, which allows limited movement.