By Brian Pavlac
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Additional resources for Witch Hunts in the Western World: Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials
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Medieval Origins of the Witch Hunts 29 THE CANON EPISCOPI The clergy acknowledged that magic was part of the perception of the natural world, yet good Christians were to avoid it. The Church distinguished between acceptable miracles and sinful magic. People were not to defend themselves from perceived magical danger by magical means or submit to supernatural temptations. Sermons, church laws (canons), theological treatises, and penitential books all condemned magic, sorcery, and witchcraft from the early days of the Church.
Even Charlemagne, though, could not control the various Angles, Saxons, and others in the kingdoms of England. Nor was he able to take the Iberian Peninsula back from the Muslims who had conquered it in the previous century. Charlemagne’s dream of a united Christian Europe, then, shattered after his death, with many smaller states that would fight with each other for the next thousand years. The Holy Roman Empire and France fought over the remains of Charlemagne’s realm, while England, Scotland, and Ireland struggled over supremacy in the British Isles.
Authorities looked to charge women with infanticide, not witchcraft. The northern and eastern fringes of Europe, though, took up hunting as it declined in western Europe. The states there gradually became more integrated into the political, economic and cultural circles of Europe. Russia, Prussia and Austria, and the Muslim Ottoman Empire divided up the diverse peoples of Eastern Europe among them. The kingdom of Poland-Lithuania had for a few centuries been the largest state in Europe, but Prussia, Austria, and Russia carved up Poland among themselves in the last decade of the eighteenth century.