By A. Papadopoulou-Kourkoula
Demanding conventional techniques to migration, which puts migrants in narrow different types (legal and unlawful, newcomer and settler), Transit Migration exhibits that migrants and refugees stay in transit for years, a level within the migration path profoundly affecting vacation spot nations and the migrants themselves.
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Additional info for Transit Migration: The Missing Link Between Emigration and Settlement (Migration, Minorities and Citizenship)
Sample text
FRONTEX for example, which provides support for control and surveillance measures undertaken by member states, is sometimes criticized for not providing rescue to migrants at sea. Yet, FRONTEX is not a European Coastal Patrol and has no such mandate. On the other hand, considering that the number of accidents and deaths at sea in the last years coincides with an intensification of maritime patrols, it is questioned whether increased surveillance and interception also increase deaths. For example, during the 1990s when sea patrols between Albania and Apulia increased, the number of accidents and casualties also increased, as migrants were trying to escape apprehension (European Parliament, 2006a).
More specific examples of these practices are detailed in the following chapters. In addition, member states frequently deny access to asylum to individuals transferred under the Dublin system, putting refugees at risk of forced return. It is worth noting that only 30 per cent of the identified and ‘accepted’ Dublin cases are consequently transferred from one member state to another (UNHCR, 2006). Nobody knows what happens with the rest. The asylum case is often interrupted after departure and is not reopened if the refugee is requested to return to the first member state; instead, a Dublin transfer is usually followed by detention and deportation.
Yet, while responsibility is clear in the case of people intercepted or rescued in territorial waters, there seems to be confusion, and often disagreement, between states as to responsibility outside the territorial waters of the state intercepting or rescuing the boat. Disagreements have often led to migrants being stranded at sea for hours or days, as for example the case of migrants clinging for three days onto a tuna net in the Mediterranean as a result of a disagreement between Libya and Malta in June 2007.