By Patricia Allen
Jointly on the desk: Sustainability And Sustenance within the American НАУКА и УЧЕБА,НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНОЕ, ПРОФЕССИИ И РЕМЕСЛА, ХОББИ и РЕМЕСЛА jointly on the desk: Sustainability And Sustenance within the American Agrifood method (Rural Studies)By Patricia Allen* writer: Pennsylvania country collage Press* variety of Pages: 260* booklet Date: 2007-05-30* ISBN / ASIN: 0271029773 .com eighty five
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Health and food safety movements also have a long history in the United States. As early as the 1830s, for example, vegetarians protested public health recommendations for a heavily meat-based diet (Belasco 1989). At the end of the nineteenth century, the industrialization of the food system gave rise to efforts at reforming such practices as food adulteration (Guthman 1998). For example, dairies artificially colored milk because it turned blue as a result of cows being fed with byproducts of distilleries, and bakeries were accused of adding nonfood substances to their bread to cover up impurities and make it heavier and whiter (Leon and Smith DeWaal 2002).
For example, in California some of the richest agricultural areas are home to some of the poorest people in the entire United States. In fact, increases in income from agriculture have been associated with increasing levels of poverty (MacCannell 1988). S. Bureau of the Census. S. farmworker families have incomes below the poverty level, with the median family income between $7,500 and $10,000 a year (gao 1992a). S. farms with the highest sales employ over half of the farm labor (Slesinger and Pfeffer 1992).
In 2000, the top five food retailers (Kroger, Albertson’s, Wal-Mart, Safeway, and Arnold) controlled 42 percent of the market (Hendrickson et al. 2001). Land ownership is also highly concentrated. Only 5 percent of American landowners own 80 percent of the land (Hansen 1999). Compare this to the situation in Brazil—a country considered to be an extreme case of land concentration—where 3 percent of the landowners own 56 percent of the arable land. And although African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans have been essential to the productivity of American agriculture, they are much less likely than whites to be farm operators and much more likely to be farmworkers.