By Richard C. Jeffrey
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Extra info for Studies in inductive logic and probability.
Sample text
They first confirmed Bybee’s results by analyzing 2,042 word tokens whose full pronunciation ended in /t/ or /d/. After controlling for contextual factors, they found that these final obstruents are more likely to be deleted in more frequent words. 0 times more likely to have deleted final /t/ or /d/ than low-frequency words (at the 5th percentile). Gregory et al. (2000) and Jurafsky et al. (2001) also investigated the e¤ects of frequency on word duration, using 1,412 monosyllabic word tokens ending in /t/ or /d/.
One of the first papers that argues for PCFGs from a linguistic standpoint is Suppes 1970. Manning and Schu¨tze 1999 gives a good overview of the properties of PCFGs and discusses several enhancements. Jurafsky and Martin 2000 explores the psycholinguistic relevance of PCFGs. Chi and Geman 1998 shows that proper probability distributions 36 Bod are obtained if the probabilities of the PCFG rules are estimated directly from a treebank (as proposed in Bod 1993 and Charniak 1996). An overview of probabilistic extensions of CFGs is included in Charniak 1997b, Bod 1998, 2001b, and Manning and Schu¨tze 1999.
NP VPÞ and PðNP ! MaryÞ). Thus, for a PCFG, the probability of a rule is independent of the derivation it occurs in and so can be computed o¤-line. 1. ’’ A PCFG that extracts the probabilities directly from a treebank, as shown above, is known as a treebank grammar, a term coined by Charniak (1996). 3. 3, that is, 1 Â 1=5 Â 2=3 Â 1=4 Â 1=5 Â 1=4 Â 1=5 ¼ 2=6; 000 ¼ 1=3; 000. This probability is small, reflecting the fact that the grammar produces derivations for infinitely many sentences whose probabilities sum up to 1 only in the limit.