By Eckard Rehbinder, Margret Engelhard, Kristin Hagen, R. B. Jørgensen, Rafael Pardo Avellaneda, Angelika Schnieke, Felix Thiele
A lately demonstrated procedure termed pharming makes use of genetically converted vegetation and animals for the construction of biopharmaceuticals. the current interdisciplinary learn includes a longer review of the cutting-edge of pharming, in addition to intensive analyses of the environmental hazards and different moral and criminal problems with pharming. Public attitudes to pharming are investigated at the foundation of an unique survey in 15 nations world wide. The learn concludes with particular innovations addressed in the direction of technology, and politics.
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Additional resources for Pharming: Promises and risks of Biopharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants and animals (Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment)
Example text
Tobacco has been the species most studied but rice (Oryza sativa) has also been utilized by several groups41. 1). Obstacles in plant cell culture are that they are often subject to genetic instability that might cause significant reduction in yield of the foreign protein over time and that to date few plant cell cultures have shown to accumulate or secrete biopharmaceuticals at concentrations sufficient for commercial viability42. 4). They comprise roots that can grow independently of the plant in liquid nutrient medium due to action of phytohormones.
This capability of total re-generation is called totipotency. The new plant that originated from a successfully shot cell may have new genetic (heritable) traits. Their ability to segregate in a Mendelian fashion in the next generations is tested in the next step. Then the families that express the transgene in the desired manner are screened. The choice of the transformation method depends largely on the plant species that is intended to be transformed. The soil pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens provides a simple method of transforming most dicotyledon24 plant species and is commonly used for pharming in tobacco, alfalfa, pea tomato and potato25.
2002. Cory et al. 2006. Conrad and Hain 2005. Lal et al. 2007. Shadwick and Doran 2007. 2 Plants as a production platform for recombinant biopharmaceuticals 23 conditions are hard to control or the fields are subject to contamination with pesticides, herbicides and mycotoxins. Even when a very important advantage of agricultural plant pharming – the cheap and faster scale up procedure – is lost in this production platform, plant tissue cultures and root cultures still offer a number of advantages over currently utilized mammalian cell cultures: One important factor is that plant cell culture media are relatively simple in composition and less susceptible to contamination with undesirable organisms, which leads to reduced material and process costs.