By Anna Curtenius Roosevelt
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Extra resources for Parmana. Prehistoric Maize and Manioc Subsistence Along the Amazon and Orinoco
Sample text
On the basis of these findings, Carneiro makes a general statement about swidden cultivation by writing: Indeed, there is reason to believe that the invasion of weeds and grass may be the principal reason why shifting cultivators in general abandon their garden plots not long after they begin to till them.... Thus we can see that the abandonment of a plot after a brief period of cultivation can best be understood, not as a necessary consequence of rapid soil depletion in the tropics, but rather as the most economical way of carrying on subsistence under the prevailing conditions of technology and environment [1961:57].
Meggers and Evans 1957:342), archaeological features that can be important in evaluations of prehistoric sociopolitical organization (Peebles and Kus 1977:431-432; Wright 1977; Wright and Johnson 1975). Nevertheless, Meggers has looked to outside influence for an explanation of the development of complex culture, rather than to local settlement-pattern history. Meggers is interested in technoenvironmental limitation on population den- 23 24 1. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AMAZONIA sity as an explanation for differential levels of cultural development, and she and Evans have produced much archaeological data about the history of population growth in Amazonia.
The fertility and productivity of tropical forest soils is closely related to the age of the soils and the nature of their parent materials (Litzenberger 1974:17; Williams and Joseph 1973:121; Young 1976:17). Students of tropical soils have found that tropical forest soils formed in areas of recent volcanic activity are more fertile than the old zonal tropical forest soils (Dwyer 1960:43-44; Kellogg 1963a:219; Nye and Greenland 1960:19; Papadakis 1969:177, 180; Sanchez and Buol 1975:600; Sherman 1971:54; Young 1976:173-175).