By Matthew J. Hoffmann
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Extra resources for Ozone Depletion And Climate Change: Constructing A Global Response
Example text
Thus, we cannot take participation for granted and we must explain why states understood participation as they did. What the above demonstrates is that the dynamic participation requirements were not derived from the dictates of rational choice in committing to universal participation. They were not driven by scientific necessity, either. Finally, the hegemonic interests and strategy do not explain the changes over time. Given the failings of these other perspectives, I pursue a social constructivist explanation for the emergence of universal participation in the ozone depletion negotiations, its lock-in in the early climate change negotiations, and its evolution in the more recent climate governance activities.
43 • The United States was committed to the principle of development assistance from the very beginning of the negotiations, a commitment that would blunt any universal participation strategy to stall the negotiations. • Though the United States advocated universal participation, it was not necessarily the leader on this aspect of the climate change issue. The United States as hegemon did not set the participation agenda. States around the world already accepted the need for universal participation and the United States did not have to pressure (or even encourage) other states to participate.
In turn, contestation over the nature of appropriate participation through the 1990s has driven further evolution of the universal participation norm. 16 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change This argument hinges on the claim that the level of participation in negotiations to address environmental problems is an inherently political (rather than scientific) issue, molded by normative understandings. In other words, the number and identity of participants are not obvious or objectively known, rather, adaptive actors construct suitable participation requirements through their interactions.