By A. E. Athanasiou DDS MSD DrDent
Aristotle collage of Thessaloniki, Greece. Reference at the most crucial theoretical and functional facets of cephalometric radiography, for scientific and learn orthodontists. Case experiences. Halftone and colour illustrations in a number of codecs. 19 members, 6 U.S.
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The transverse processes (15), the superior articular process (16) and the inferior artic ular process (17) appear as a radio-opaque area superimposed on the shadow of the body (12) and the spinous process (14). The body of each cervical vertebra is separated from the adjacent ones by the 58 intervertebral disc space (18), which appears as a radiolucent strip. At the midpoint between the third and the fourth cervical vertebrae is the hyoid bone (19), which is situated anteriorly. 51, p . 6 l ) • cv2ap - the apex of the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra; • cv2ip - the most inferoposterior point on the body of the second cervical vertebra; • cv2ia - the most inferoanterior point on the body of the second vertical vertebra; • cv3sp - the most superoposterior point on the body of the third cervical vertebra; • cv3ip - the most inferoposterior point on the body of the third cervical vertebra; • cv3sa - the most superoanterior point on the body of the third cervical vertebra; • cv3ia - the most inferoanterior point on the body of the third cervical vertebra; • cv4sp - the most superoposterior point on the body of the fourth cervical vertebra; • cv4ip - the most inferoposterior point on the body of the fourth cervical vertebra; • ev4sa - the most superoanterior point on the body of the fourth cervical vertebra; • cv4ia - the most inferoanterior point on the body of the fourth cervical vertebra; • cv5sp - the most superoposterior point on the body of the fifth cervical vertebra; • cv5ip - the most inferoposterior point on the body of the fifth cervical vertebra; • cv5sa - the most superoanterior point on the body of the fifth cervical vertebra; • cv5ia - the most inferoanterior point on the body of the fifth cervical vertebra; • cv6sp - the most superoposterior point on the body of the sixth cervical vertebra; • cv6ip - the most inferoposterior point on the body of the sixth cervical vertebra; • cv6sa - the most superoanterior point on the body of the sixth cervical vertebra; • cv6ia - the most inferoanterior point on the body of the sixth cervical vertebra.
I8 Photograph of the nasal bone. 19 Radiograph of the nasal bone. 20 Landmarks Cephalometric landmarks related to the nasal bone. 37) The maxilla consists of a large hollow b o d y that houses the maxillary sinus (1) and four prominent processes: • the frontal process (2); • thezygomatic process (3); • the palatine process (4); and • the alveolar process (5). The frontal process arises from the anteromedial corner of the body of the maxilla and its medial rim fuses with the nasal bone (6). The maxillary bone is connected superiorly with the frontal b o n e ( 7 ) , forming the medial orbital rim; posteriorly, it is con nected with the lacrimal bone and the ethmoid bone (8), forming the medial orbital wall.
The apex of the mandibular incisor is a helpful area to identify the supramentale point as it usually lies posterior to and slightly above the supramentale point. 54) Landmarks Isi - incision superius incisalis - the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor; LI - mandibular central incisor - the most labial point on the c r o w n of the m a n d i b u l a r central 1 APOcc - anterior point for the occlusal plane - a constructed point, the m i d p o i n t of the incisor overbite in occlusion; • Iia - incision inferius apicalis - the root apex of the most anterior mandibular central incisor; if this point is needed only for defining the long axis of the tooth, the midpoint on the bisection of the apical root width can be used; • Iii - incision inferius incisalis - the incisal edge of the most prominent mandibular central incisor; • Isa - incision superius apicalis - the root apex of the most anterior maxillary central incisor; if this point is needed only for defining the long axis of the tooth, the midpoint on the bisection of the apical root width can be used; incisor; L6 - m a n d i b u l a r first molar - the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first perma nent molar; PPOcc - posterior point for the occlusal plane the most distal point of contact between the most posterior molars in occlusion (Rakosi); III - maxillary central incisor - the most labial point on the c r o w n of the maxillary central incisor; U6 - maxillary first molar - the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar.