By Friedrich L. Bauer (auth.)
The Heinz Nixdorf Museum discussion board (HNF) is the world’s greatest c- puter museum and is devoted to portraying the previous, current and way forward for details know-how. within the “Year of Informatics 2006” the HNF used to be quite prepared to check the background of this nonetheless relatively younger self-discipline. The short-lived nature of knowledge applied sciences implies that participants, innovations, units, institutes and companies“age” extra swiftly than in lots of different specialties. And within the nature of items the gang of desktop pioneers from the early days is becoming smaller forever. To complement a deliberate new show on “Software and tell- ics” on the HNF, the belief arose of recording the background of informatics in an accompanying ebook. Mysearchforsuitablesourcesandauthorsveryquickly cameupwith the best solution, the very rst identify in Germany: Friedrich L. Bauer, Professor Emeritus of arithmetic on the TU in Munich, one of many - thers of informatics in Germany and for many years the indefatigable writer of the“Historical Notes” column of the magazine Informatik Spektrum. Friedrich L. Bauer used to be already the writer of 2 works at the historical past of informatics, released in several a long time and in numerous books. either one of them are remarkable for his or her an expert, super comp- hensive and but compact kind. My seen path was once to encourage this writer to amalgamate, complement and illustrate his earlier work.
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Sample text
Conversely, to choose a character that occurs with probability pi we require ki = ld( p1i ) binary decisions27 . We call ki the decision content of the character, measured in bits28 . The average decision content of an arbitrarily selected character is then 1 H = Σi pi ld [bit] pi H is also referred to as the information per character, or the entropy of the message source. The association with cryptology is that the laws of statistics can be applied to a message or a key in order to break the cipher, and that an ‘individual key’ contains no information.
In 1887, on the basis of this, C AR PENTIER introduced five-track punched tape. The CCITT-2 code was adopted as an international standard in 1929. J. S MITH (1806–1876) and were soon very much in use. The first transatlantic cables were laid in 1866. The telephone invented in 1861 by J OHANN P HILIPP R EIS (1834– 1874) then made the transfer of messages independent of signaling skills, 34 Calculations Using Symbols Fig. 68: Francis Bacon Fig. 69: Emile Baudot Fig. 70: CCITT-2 telegraph code it became simply a question of patience.
Initially the emphasis was on the construction of (binary) codes with specific technically relevant properties: BAUDOT in 1874 and subsequently G RAY in 1953 had introduced single-step codes, in 1889 BAUDOT introduced chain codes, and in 1959 G EOFF T OOTILL introduced single-step chain codes. BAUDOT’s introduction of both single-step codes (in 1874) and chain codes (in 1889) was a breakthrough: for the first time codes exhibited internal properties that went beyond their lexicographical arrangement.