By George W. White
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Extra info for Nationalism and Territory
Example text
Illegal migration Where there are wide differentials in income levels and economic opportunities, considerable flows of population may be expected to result. Where such differentials occur between neighbouring countries, as in the major ‘interface’ regions between the Third and First Worlds, firm Population movements and the third world 56 restrictions on the volume of movement between these countries are also likely to be in force. For many, however, the lure of economic opportunities (or their own economic plight) may be such that they may be willing to take the risk of arrest and even imprisonment to avail themselves of these opportunities by illegal means.
The redistribution of population may involve compulsory measures, such as the eviction of squatters in Lima or Manila in the 1960s and 1970s and the consolidation of ethnic minority groups in Vietnam, or may include an element of volition on the part of the mover, as with various land settlement schemes in Indonesia and Malaysia. In most cases, however, resettlement is a form of involuntary population movement because, given the choice, the movers would generally have preferred to stay put. Over the last three to four decades the Third World has played host to some quite massive reservoir construction projects, many of which have been funded by international agencies such as the World Bank.
Travelling by canoe, they ply the beaches and islands of the Chilean archipelago gathering shellfish, and searching for the occasional stranded seal or whale. They have traditionally turned for their livelihood to a roaming existence at sea because inland the terrain is difficult, and does not provide sufficient game and plants to satisfy their dietary needs. In the Malayan archipelago (Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia), the socalled ‘sea gypsies’ (orang laut) provide another interesting example of a boat-dwelling nomadic people.