By Jan Rath (eds.)
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Additional info for Immigrant Businesses: The Economic, Political and Social Environment
Sample text
As such it can be considered an institution that structures and in turn is structured by the behaviour of actors in the clothing sector. Most analysts agree that fashion cycles have shortened during the twentieth century, and especially since the 1960s (see for example Wilson, 1985). This is partially a strategy by clothing producers and retailers to increase sales, especially when economic crises hamper consumption. However it is also part of a broader social and cultural change in terms of, for instance, individualisation.
According to Swyngedouw, this new phase led to ‘spatial proximity of vertically quasi-integrated firms’ (cited in Harvey, 1989, p. 178). Schoenberger (1988, p. 257) maintains that ‘production based on flexible technologies would tend to be reconcentrated in the core industrial countries’. The reason for this, according to Ross and Trachte (1990), is that the mere threat of shifting production to developing countries reinforced capital’s position over labour and led to the degradation of labour standards in Western countries and the possibility of the return of labour-intensive activity.
According to Sassen, the 1970s and 1980s witnessed a global decentralisation of manufacturing activity, an enormous increase in capital mobility and a strong centralisation of control of this globalisation process in so-called ‘global cities’. These cities are home to the headquarters of financial and service firms that operate all around the globe. According to Sassen (1991a), it is striking that the concentration of white-collar, highly paid activities in global cities, has also contributed to an increased demand for marginalised, low-paid labour in small-scale services, cleaning, catering, laundry and so on.