By Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Edward Finegan
Книга Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Книги Иностранные языки Автор: Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Edward Finegan Год издания: 1999 Формат: pdf Издат.:Pearson ESL Страниц: 1203 Размер: 49,8 ISBN: 0582237254 Язык: Английский0 (голосов: zero) Оценка:The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English is a innovative, corpus-based reference grammar of English, in line with a groundbreaking learn undertaking to investigate the ways that English grammar is actually used. The booklet appears at 4 textual content forms ¿ dialog, fiction, information reportage, and educational prose ¿ and experiences statistical findings in addition to reading the explanations that situation a selected grammatical selection. features a six-year examine venture into the ways that language is admittedly used. unearths which buildings, tenses, and lexical offerings happen, and the way their distribution differs in numerous textual content forms. Analyzes ordinary language in every one bankruptcy, in keeping with research of the true daily conversations within the Longman Spoken American Corpus and the British nationwide Corpus. includes over 350 tables and graphs that exhibit the frequency of structures throughout diverse registers, from dialog to fiction to educational prose.
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Example text
Descri~tionof the reaister cateaories in the LSWE Cor~us31 Target audience is not always clear-cut, since some of the earlier novels written for adults have become 'classics' read mostly by older children (such as The Call of the Wild). Overall this subcorpus was designed to include texts from many different kinds of fiction. g. g. g. g. g. Dune by Frank Herbert). Roughly half the texts in the subcorpus can be classified as 'general' fiction. These include modern classics like Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow, and Catch 22 by Joseph Heller, as well as most of the pre-1950 novels listed above.
2). In the spoken text we also find single orthographic words that must be analysed as representing a sequence of two grammatical words: that's, wasn't, etc. g. sort of in the conversation text. In sum, there is a need to distinguish the following: orthographic word: word forms separated by spaces in written text, and the corresponding forms in speech grammatical word: the basic sense of 'word' for grammatical purposes lexeme: a group of word forms that share the same basic meaning (apart from that associated with the inflections that distinguish them) and belong to the same word class.
E. 1) serves to increase the semantic precision and informational density of a written text, and thus it can be required to perform a challenging ideational task; at the same time, it is a functional reflection of considerable opportunity for careful production, as in many writing situations, as opposed to the real-time production constraints characterizing most speaking situations. 3 Function as social or situational indexing Finally, the third major kind of functional association relates to the way that grammatical forms can conventionally index particular situations or social groups.