By Eric Whaites
It is a 3rd variation of the dominant textbook during this box, that's utilized in approximately all dental colleges within the united kingdom and in lots of different nations. Covers either radiography (producing the picture) and radiology (interpreting the picture) and provides the topic in an available layout. This re-creation has been revised according to very important new guidance on radiation safeguard which got here into strength in January 2000.
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Extra info for Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology
Sample text
In free space, X-rays travel in straight lines. Velocity in free space = 3 x 108 m s ] In free space, X-rays obey the inverse square law: Intensity = 1/d2 Doubling the distance from an X-ray source reduces the intensity to \ (a very important principle in radiation protection, see Ch. 6). No medium is required for propagation. Shorter-wavelength X-rays possess greater energy and can therefore penetrate a greater distance. Longer-wavelength X-rays, sometimes referred to as soft X-rays, possess less energy and have little penetrating power.
The faster the screen, the lower the radiation dose to the patient. • Packing density — the ability of the phosphor to pack closely together resulting in thin screens and less light divergence. Fluorescent materials Three main phosphor materials are used in intensifying screens: • Calcium tungstate (CaWO4) • Rare earth phosphors including gadolinium and lanthanum • Yttrium (a non-rare earth phosphor but having similar properties). Calcium tungstate screens The main points can be summarized as follows: • The speed of these screens depends upon: — The thickness of the phosphor layer — The size of the phosphor crystals — The presence or absence of light-absorbing dyes within the screen — The conversion efficiency of the crystals • The faster the screen, the lower the radiation dose to the patient but the less the detail of the final image • All calcium tungstate screens emit BLUE light and must be used with blue-light sensitive monochromatic radiographic film (see Fig.
The side of the film on which the dot is raised is always placed towards the X-ray beam. When the films are mounted, this raised dot 39 is towards the operator and the films are then arranged anatomically and viewed as if the operator were facing the patient. Indirect-action film Uses Film/screen combinations are used as image detectors whenever possible because of the reduced dose of radiation to the patient (particularly when very fine image detail is not essential). The main uses include: • Extraoral projections, including: — Oblique lateral radiographs (Ch.