By Gordon Baker, Jack Easley
This finished and definitive source on equine dentistry has been thoroughly up-to-date to incorporate the most recent advances in morphology, dental disorder and pathology, analysis of dental problems, and equine dental techniques.
- Complete and entire coverage
- Fully referenced
- Extensively illustrated with built-in colour images, black and white pictures and line drawings
- International staff of contributors
- Features a brand new historic advent to equine veterinary dentistry
- Includes new and improved assurance of the next themes: issues in oral surgical procedure; Dental ailment of miniature horses; the teeth evolution; Geriatrics; Bits and biting; Horse headwear; and Dental equipment
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Extra resources for Equine Dentistry, 2e
Example text
27 4252-Baker_03 23/08/04 8:50 AM Page 28 Morphology 28 Section 1 MORPHOLOGY termed the tooth germ, with each germ responsible for an individual tooth. The enamel organ proliferates further and, in brachydont dentition, assumes a bell shape, which is termed the bell stage of dental development. At this stage, the concavity of the enamel organ increases, while the mesenchymal cells of the dental papilla invaginate further into its hollow aspect (Fig. 1). Additionally, in some equine teeth, invaginations of enamel epithelium, which will later become infundibula, develop from the convex aspect of the ‘bell’ into the papilla (one per incisor and two per upper cheek teeth).
26). The deciduous teeth are similarly identified using the prefix 5–8 for the four quadrants. Adult horses also have 12 incisors in total, six in each arcade. The upper incisors are embedded in the premaxillary (incisive) bone and the lower incisors in the rostral mandible with the reserve crowns and apices of incisors converging toward each other. Incisor teeth are curved convexly on their labial aspect (concavely on their lingual aspect) and taper in uniformly from the occlusal surface toward the apex (unlike equine deciduous and all brachydont incisors, which have a distinct neck).
The maxillary cheek teeth are wider and squarer in comparison with the mandibular cheek teeth, which are narrower and more rectangular in outline. The long axis of all cheek teeth is relatively straight, except the sixth and to a lesser and variable extent the fifth, which have a caudal curvature of their reserve crowns (later, more so of their roots) (Fig. 27). The buccal aspect of the upper cheek teeth have two prominent vertical (longitudinal) ridges (cingula, styles) rostrally and less prominent caudal ridges with two deep grooves between them, except the first, which can have three or four small grooves and ridges.