By Ade Ogunsola
A railway is a fancy disbursed engineering process: the development of a brand new railway or the modernisation of a current one calls for a deep figuring out of the constitutive elements and their interplay, contained in the method itself and in the direction of the skin global. the previous covers some of the subsystems (featuring a posh mixture of excessive energy assets, delicate protection severe structures, intentional transmitters, etc.) and their interplay, together with the explicit capabilities and their relevance to security. The latter represents all of the extra attainable exterior sufferers and assets of electromagnetic interaction.
EMC hence starts off from a comprehension of the emissions and immunity features and the interactions among resources and sufferers, with a powerful courting to electromagnetics and to procedure modeling. however, the stated services are completed and preserved and their relevance for defense is sufficiently dealt with, if the comparable necessities are good posed and controlled during the procedure from the start. The hyperlink is represented through criteria and their right program, as a aid to research, trying out and demonstration.
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Extra resources for Electromagnetic Compatibility in Railways: Analysis and Management
Example text
The 1500 V system was introduced in the southern and southwestern parts of France; the power limitation, at about 4-5 MW, for this type of system lead to the introduction of 3 kV systems in the late ’20s. Several countries in Europe have conventional railways supplied at these two voltage levels: Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Russia, part of the Czech Republic (at 3 kV), the Netherlands and France (at 1500 V) to cite some. Light railways at 1500 V, limited to a small region or around a populated area, may be found in United Kingdom, Denmark (Srailways in Copenhagen), Istanbul (under construction) and United States.
All these systems are very old and in some cases no longer in service; the arrangement of the traction supply system is very simple, without booster transformers or autotransformers. Examples of higher voltage systems are those for the ore carrying heavy haul trains in South Africa and United States: a 50 kV voltage level was adopted for both the Sishen - Saldahna railway line in South Africa running a total of 861 kilometres [243] and the Black Mesa - Lake Powell 125 km long railway line in the United States [42].
7 Hz line between Kiruna and Svappavaara as a laboratory to test both solutions (BT and AT with a 5 and 13 km spacing respectively) with respect to the said performance indexes, external induction and rail voltage. 1 S/km (approaching the EN 50122-2 limit of 1 S/km the rail voltage reduction is in the order of 30-50%). On the contrary, the equivalent feeding impedance for the AT system is approximately one half that offered by BTRR and BTRC systems and so it is the longitudinal voltage drop, that allows a wider separation of the supply substations.