By Eric Keightley Rideal
AN creation TO floor CHEMISTRY by means of ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDBAL HUMPHREY OWEN JONES LECTURER IN actual CHEMISTRY CAMBRIDGE collage CAMBRIDGE on the collage PRESS 1926 Wilt Thou no longer ope the center to grasp What rainbows educate and sunsets ahow EMERSON. c IN nice BBITAIN PREFACE by way of Professor F. G. DONNAN the significance of a correct learn of the activities, equilibria, and constructions which happen at . the interfaces among homo geneous stages of subject is largely recognized today. therefore an information of those issues is needed for a formal below status of adsorption, the formation and balance of disperse or micro-heterogeneous platforms colloid sols and gels, catalysis, enzyme activities, etc., while the growth of analysis exhibits a growing number of truly that the phenomena of lifestyles, i. e. the behaviour of cells and tissues, are in detail keen on the activities taking place at surfaces, and that the results produced via medicinal drugs, disinfectants, and different components which profoundly impact the operation of cells and micro-organisms are mostly as a result of floor activities. From the final statistical and thermodynamic perspective, the medical idea of floor phenomena used to be put on a passable foundation via the researches of J. Willard Gibbs, Sir J. J. Thomson, and J. I, van der Waals. In relatively contemporary instances the extra in timate molecular learn of the constructions and kinetics of surfaces has complicated very swiftly, thank you, extra specifically to the pioneer paintings of Lord Eayleigh, Andre . Marcelin, Sir W. B. Hardy and Irving Langmuir. Our wisdom of this topic has been enormously elevated over the past few years by way of the wonderful paintings of N. Adam and of E. okay. Rideal. The mixed influence of those researches has been to bare the life of a newly known so-called dimensional molecular international, the dynamics of which has similarities to that of the normal 3 dimensional molecular global of homogeneous levels in bulk, when the constitution of this floor international provides new phenomena of molecular orientation of the top value for the knowledge of significant areas of common phenomena. the good advantage of Dr E. ok. Rideals publication lies within the incontrovertible fact that the writer, while in no clever neglecting the thermodynamic remedy and its effects, supplies a truly admirable account of this more moderen and very very important box of research. VI PREFACE because this is often additionally the main promising line of boost within the in vestigation of disperse structures, Dr Kideals e-book could be such a lot warmly steered to all who're drawn to colloid physics and chemistry. within the final chapters the writer provides an exceptional advent to the relevant proof and theories of what's frequently understood to-day as colloid chemistry, in order that the reader is absolutely provided with every little thing that's helpful for a radical less than status of this topic. each pupil and investigator of floor and colloid phenomena owes Dr Rideal a hot debt of gratitude for his admirable survey and presentation of an exceptional and speedily advancing box of physico-chemical technology. F. G. D. collage university, LONDON. April, 1926. INTEODUOTION crucial variations among the houses of topic while JL in bulk and within the colloidal nation have been first defined by means of Thomas Graham. The research of colloid chemistry contains a attention of the shape and behavior of a brand new section, the interfacial section, owning particular homes. in lots of structures reactions either actual and chemical are saw that may be attributed to either bulk and interfacial stages. hence for a formal figuring out of colloidal behaviour an information of the homes of surfaces and reactions at interfaces is obviously fascinating. when the stipulations of equilibrium for such platforms have been basically enunciated via J. Willard Gibbs and Sir J. J...
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408, 1923). 10. Eotvos' Law. The variation of surface tension with the temperature has been studied by many observers with the view of testing the theory of Eotvos that the molar free surface energy of any liquid should be proportional to the distance from its critical temperature and to a-. = RT, the universal constant, a "law" analogous to the gas law product PV PV being the free molar volume energy of the gas. Corre- spondingly in the case of the liquid- vapour surface the molar free energy is proportional to the product of a- and the surface occupied (M\* j , where M is the molecular weight and p the density of the liquid.
In the case of solutions also Goard has noted that in phenol solutions possessing identical surface concentrations of phenol the surface tension varies with the nature of the underlying bulk phase, being higher for solutions containing salt (see p. 42). 8. The surface energy and latent heat of evaporation. Many attempts have been made to correlate the latent heat of evaporation of a liquid and its surface tension (see Edser, Fourth Report on Colloid Chemistry}. The process of evaporation may be considered to take place in two stages.
We thus obtain On differentiation we obtain = ffdA -f Ada- + Td (ASj) + ASi dT + ^dAT, + + 2 dAT 2 + AT d(* + 2 fj, Subtracting from (3) and dividing through by A 2 we ...... (4). obtain dtr^-SidT-^dfr-Ttdfr-.... For a binary system at constant temperature da- = I\ d/j,! this reduces to T z dp%. we have placed arbitrarily in the be drawn in such a position that I\ is If our geometrical surface, which non-homogeneous zero we region, obtain dor = r2 cZjU, 2 - For ideal solutions the relationship between the chemical potential and the concentration is given by the expression = fj, whence For -da- lJ.