By Hammad M. Cheema, Reza Mahmoudi, Arthur H.M. van Roermund
The promising excessive information price instant purposes at millimeter wave frequencies usually and 60 GHz specifically have won a lot consciousness in recent times. besides the fact that, demanding situations on the topic of circuit, format and measurements in the course of mm-wave CMOS IC layout must be triumph over sooner than they could develop into achievable for mass market.
60-GHz CMOS Phase-Locked Loops targeting phase-locked loops for 60 GHz instant transceivers elaborates those demanding situations and proposes suggestions for them. The process point layout to circuit point implementation of the entire PLL, in addition to separate implementations of person elements similar to voltage managed oscillators, injection locked frequency dividers and their mixtures, are incorporated. in addition, to fulfill a couple of transceiver topologies concurrently, flexibility is brought within the PLL structure by utilizing new dual-mode ILFDs and switchable VCOs, whereas reusing the low frequency parts on the similar time.
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Extra info for 60-GHz CMOS Phase-Locked Loops
Example text
In order to keep interconnects short, the floor planning of components need special attention. In this work, interconnects of the synthesizer front-end are most critical as it operates at the highest frequency. Therefore, the floor-planning of the VCO and prescaler is discussed next. A typical LC-VCO consists of at least one inductor and some active devices such as transistors and varactors. To achieve short interconnects, the latter should be placed very close to the inductor terminals (see Fig.
4 Cross Talk Shielding and Grounding The small dimensions of mm-wave circuits together with the requirement of short interconnects can potentially lead to electromagnetic coupling and cross-talk between different parts of the circuit. Noise injection through different sources, if not controlled, can easily couple to circuits such as oscillators and, up-converted, deteriorate the spectrum purity. On the other hand, a variation in ground potential, which is the lower reference for signal voltages over the chip, can give rise to erroneous voltage levels and common-mode variations in circuits.
The frequency of the cross-over point is the loop bandwidth of the PLL denoted by oc. 12) where Fz ¼ tanÀ1(oc/oz) and Fp2 ¼ tanÀ1(oc/op2). 13) Ideally, the phase-margin should be maximized to ensure loop stability and also to cater for variations in resistance and capacitance values which determine the poles and zero positions. 15) show that, firstly, for optimal stability (maximum PM), the unity gain crossover point should be the geometric mean of the zero and second pole as this is the position where the phase is farthest from 180 .