By Elie Cartan; André Mercier
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In the language we developed in Chapter 2, we want v to be in the linear space we denoted by C 2[0, 1]. Since the image Lv = v" is 6. Generalized Bernstein Theory 35 therefore a continuous function, the range of L is the linear space C[O,I]. We will need to modify this statement slightly in a moment, but for now let's write L as a function L : C 2[0, 1] --+ C[O, 1]. I called the function L, as most people do, because it is certainly a linear function. Now let's suppose that L was not just a linear function but actually an isomorphism with a (continuous) inverse L -1.
We assume, just for convenience in describing it, that the entire rod starts out at the same temperature as its environment. The rod is then heated by some process such as microwave heating, radioactive decay, absorbtion of radiation, or spontaneous chemical reaction. The important property of the heating process is that it should not change significantly over a long time, certainly much longer than the time it takes for the experiment. Let y be the temperature function for the rod. For a while after the experiment begins, we should think of y as a function of two variables: y = y(s, t) where s gives the location on the rod and t the time from the beginning of the experiment, since we would expect the rod to heat up over a period of time.
In this case, we will write XI pas XIA. For instance, let IP be the cartesian product of p copies of the unit interval [0,1] and let OIP be its boundary. Thus alP consists of all p-tuples (Xl. X2, ... ,xp) of numbers between 0 and 1 such that at least one of the Xj is either 0 or l. The quotient space IP I alP is homeomorphic to the sphere SP. The collapsing map of the title is a map 7r : SP x sq -+ Sp+q which lends itself to a description using quotient spaces. Define an equivalence relation p on Ip+q = IP x Iq by representing points as pairs (x, y), where x E IP and y E Iq, and setting (x,y)p(x',y') if and only if on of the following is true: (1) both x and x' are in alP and y = y' or (2) x = x' and both y and y' 7.