By Capra F., Luisi P.L.
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Extra resources for The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision
Example text
Newtonian physics, the crowning achievement of seventeenth-century science, provided a consistent mathematical theory of the world that remained the solid foundation of scientific thought well into the twentieth century. Newton’s grasp of mathematics was far more powerful than that of his contemporaries. He invented a completely new method, known today as differential calculus, to describe the motion of solid bodies; a method that went far beyond the mathematical techniques of Galileo and Descartes (as we discuss in more detail in Chapter 6).
In the Newtonian view, God created in the beginning the material particles, the forces between them, and the fundamental laws of motion. In this way the whole universe was set in motion, and it has continued to run ever since, like a machine, governed by immutable laws. The mechanistic view of nature is thus closely related to a rigorous determinism, with the giant cosmic machine completely causal and determinate. All that happened had a definite cause and gave rise to a definite effect, and the future of any part of the system could – in principle – be predicted with absolute certainty if its state at any time was known in all details.
Com/ C Georgios Kollidas. Seventeenth-century science was based on the new empirical method of inquiry advocated forcefully by Francis Bacon, and it included the mathematical description of nature and analytic method of reasoning conceived by the genius of Descartes. 1 The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution began with Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), who overthrew the geocentric view of Ptolemy and the Bible that had been accepted dogma for more than a thousand years. After Copernicus, the Earth was no longer the center of the universe but merely one of many planets circling a minor star at the edge of the galaxy, and humanity was robbed of its proud position as the center of God’s creation.