By Robert M. Groves
Offers a accomplished remedy of survey mistakes and the prices and merits of other survey designs, integrating statistical and social technology views on survey layout. Considers assurance errors, nonresponse blunders, sampling errors, and dimension errors, together with the consequences of interviewers and respondents, the wording of the questionnaire, and mode of information assortment. A assessment of the social technological know-how and statistical literatures on survey mistakes is incorporated, and the relationships among the different sorts of mistakes are explored. offers rate types designed to lessen some of the different types of mistakes.
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Example text
This concept is akin to some of the error concepts in survey statistics. Linked to the “external validity” are notions of target populations, failure to cover different parts of the target population, and concerns with how “representative” of the full target population the sample of respondents is. Thus, what a survey statistician might call coverage, nonresponse, or sampling bias, this approach might term threats to external validity or forces toward external invalidity. The more one reads of errors in psychological measurement, the more types of validity that one encounters.
All the concepts above are common to classical true score theory and to most approaches to survey data used by psychologists. Relationships between reliability and validity found above are heavily dependent on the simplifying assumptions of the classical true score model. A more general model, the congeneric measures model, yields different concepts of error. Congeneric measures are always treated in sets of two or more. Two congeneric measures do not have to have the same expected values (as in the case in assessments of empirical validity under the classical true score model).
This would lead to variable nonresponse errors over trials, a nonresponse error variance term. The interviewer is often treated as a source of error in this perspective, most often conceptualized as a source of variable error. That is, each trial of a survey is viewed to consist of both a set of sampled persons (one replication of the sample design) and a set of interviewers (one set selected to do the work, from among those eligible). Both sets are viewed to change over trials (both the sample and the interviewer corps and the assignment of interviewers to sample persons).