By Q.H. Wu
The easy working ideas of the commonest varieties of safeguard relays haven't replaced for greater than part a century. although, the calculations used to degree energy procedure fault indications proceed to reason issues of relay functionality. for that reason, there's a desire for constructing a subsequent new release of safeguard relays that are extra actual, extra trustworthy and swifter than the normal relays.
Protective Relaying of energy structures utilizing Mathematical Morphology discusses the improvement of novel protecting relaying algorithms utilizing Mathematical Morphology (MM). MM is a nonlinear sign processing procedure derived from set idea and geometry. It analyses signs by way of form via retrieving the positive factors of the signs utilizing a pre-defined structuring aspect. The booklet introduces the elemental ideas, and brings jointly the functions of MM to strengthen new protecting relaying algorithms for the safety of a number of energy approach elements (including transmission traces, bus, and gear transformers), in addition to for the distorted waveform detection and repayment that are required for the operation of many traditional relays.
Protective Relaying of strength structures utilizing Mathematical Morphology is a perfect resource of data for researchers or postgraduates within the fields of energy and engineering, in addition to for energy engineers.
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4 The Half-Cycle Fourier Transform To reduce the computation time of the algorithm by half, samples obtained from half a fundamental cycle are used. 18) T /2 t0 an = 2 T /2 bn = 2 T /2 t0 +T /2 t0 t0 +T /2 t0 v(t) cos(nZ0t)dt, n = 1, 2, . . 19) v(t) sin(nZ0t)dt, n = 1, 2, . . 20) where T is the period of the fundamental frequency component of the signal. 21) VIm (k) = 4 N/2−1 2S n ¦ v[k − n] sin N . 17). The disadvantage of the half-cycle FT is that it is not able to filter out the exponentially decaying DC offset and even harmonics contained in the fault signal.
The accuracy and reliability of this scheme qualify it as an alternative for transformer differential protection. A major function of bus protection is provided by differential protection relays based on collected measurements via a number of current transformers (CTs). The CT saturation would significantly degrade the performance of a bus protection system. Chapter 6 introduces a morphological lifting scheme (MLS) to extract the features of the secondary current of CT to detect the CT saturation.
The three steps are noted as split, predict and update, respectively, as shown in Fig. 6. 1. Split stage: Let x(n) represent a discrete signal. Firstly, x(n) can be split into even and odd components, xe (n) and xo (n), respectively, where xe (n) = x(2n), xo (n) = x(2n + 1). 4 The Lifting Scheme and Morphological Wavelets 27 If the signal x(n) corresponds to the sample of a smooth and slowly varying function, then the components of xe (n) and xo (n) are highly correlated. Therefore, it should be possible to accurately predict each odd polyphase coefficient from the nearby even polyphase coefficients.