By Leslie Hewitson, Mark Brown BAppSc(Phty) MHSc(Sport Phty) MBA FASMF, Ramesh Balakrishnan
Plant operators, electricians, box technicians and engineers will achieve a pragmatic knowing of the position and workings of energy process defense structures from this paintings. An figuring out of energy structures and their optimized administration increases plant potency and function in addition to expanding safeguard degrees. This e-book presents either the underpinning wisdom and simple calculations had to comprehend, specify, use and retain strength security structures, and the sensible recommendations required each day. After learning this booklet you have got an outstanding wisdom of the foundations of safety. additionally, you will have a greater realizing of the potential difficulties prone to come up in day by day paintings with strength safeguard structures. Key components of information and services constructed will contain: * basics of electric strength defense and functions * diverse fault kinds * practice easy fault and layout calculations * sensible wisdom of security process parts * practice relay settings * enhance the protection of your website with the data won * bring up plant potency, functionality and security degrees through constructing your realizing of energy method safety * achieve a realistic wisdom of the engineering demanding situations of energy process defense: fault varieties, part forms, relay settings, and so on. * insurance contains either the basics and the fundamental fault and layout calculations had to specify, use and keep strength safeguard structures
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Cost invariably determines the earthing method. 7 Touch potentials – resistive earthing Earth bond 32 Practical Power Systems Protection The main reason for adopting solid earthing is because, the resistance earthing cannot be used for single-phase loads, whereas most of the LV distribution mainly households, etc. comprise of single-phase loads. Nevertheless, resistance grounding is considered at low voltages in industrial environments, where three-phase loads are connected and the process conditions do not accept frequent shutdowns due to ground faults.
When the short-circuit current rating for a certain time is known, the formula E = I2t can also be used to obtain the current rating for a different time. 2 = 18 kA I2 = Naturally, if the fault is cleared in more than 1 s, the above formula’s can also be used to determine what fault current the cable can withstand for this extended period. Note: In electrical protection, engineers usually cater for failure of the primary protective device by providing back-up protection. It makes for good engineering practice to use the tripping time of the back-up device, which should only be slightly longer than that of the primary device in short-circuit conditions, to determine the short-circuit rating of the cable.
Transient overvoltages limited – prevents stressing of insulation, breaker restrikes. 1. 1 Solid earthing of power transformer Advantages • Neutral held effectively at earth potential. • Phase-to-ground faults of same magnitude as phase-to-phase faults; so no need for special sensitive relays. • Cost of current limiting device is eliminated. • Grading insulation towards neutral point N reduces size and cost of transformers. 28 Practical Power Systems Protection Disadvantages • As most system faults are phase-to-ground, severe shocks are more considerable than with resistance earthing.