By Norbert Sewald
Peptides play a decisive position in lots of physiological methods, no matter if as neurotransmitters, hormones or antibiotics. The swift advancements in peptide study over the last few a long time make it virtually most unlikely for beginners to realize an summary. this suggests an simply understandable but concise advent is vital.This special paintings covers all of the vital points of this wide-ranging box in a single convenient quantity. at the foundation of the basic chemical and structural homes of peptides, this reference runs the gamut from research, the prevalence and organic significance of peptides, through chemical, biochemical and genetic tools of peptide synthesis, correct as much as peptide libraries, peptide layout and their function in drug study. but this ebook deals even more than an insignificant evaluation of the newest point of study. An encyclopedic appendix with beneficial info on greater than 500 organic suitable peptides and proteins, a complete sign up and information of extra literature references make this definitely the right reference for all questions relating to peptide examine. For rookies and experts alike.
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Extra resources for Peptides: Chemistry and Biology
Example text
The purity is an essential prerequisite both for structural analysis and for reproducible results in biological investigations. Homogeneity and correct covalent structure must be the main goals as peptides and proteins have become an important class of potent therapeutic drugs (see Chapter 9). Purification procedures can take considerable amounts of time and effort. Unfortunately, evidence is provided in the literature that insufficient attention is often paid to the correct evaluation of the final product.
Intra- or inter-chain disulfide bonds can be cleaved by reduction or oxidation (Fig. 11). Fig. 11 Oxidative and reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds. 23 24 2 Fundamental Chemical and Structural Principles Oxidation using performic acid, also pioneered by Sanger, converts all Cys residues to cysteic acid residues. Since cysteic acid is stable both under acidic and basic conditions, it is possible to determine the total Cys content as cysteic acid. Unwanted oxidation of Met residues to methionine sulfoxide/sulfone, as well as partial degradation of the Trp side chain, are serious disadvantages.
Peptide drugs, however, can be applied therapeutically only to a limited extent because of their chemical and enzymatic labilities. Many peptides are inactive when applied orally, and even parenteral application (intravenous or subcutaneous injection) is often not efficient because proteolytic degradation occurs on the locus of the application. , nasal) is promising. ) a major strategy in peptide chemistry is directed towards chemical modification in order to increase its chemical and enzymatic stability, to prolong the time of action, and to increase activity and selectivity towards the receptor.