By James Minoru Sakoda
This attractive guidebook combines enthralling traditions the japanese artwork of ikebana, or flower association, and origami, the traditional jap perform of paperfolding. effortless to stick to directions and an abundance of illustrations permit starting and professional paperfolders to create even the stems, leaves, and vases for a fascinating array of blossoms.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. just a little history
Chapter 2. starting classes on paper folding
Chapter three. Pentagon and hexagon flowers
Chapter four. Blintzed fowl base flowers
Chapter five. Six petal blintzed poultry base flowers
Chapter 6. The swirl rose
Chapter 7. unfastened shape origami
Chapter eight. basic chook base flowers
Chapter nine. Folding vases
Chapter 10. Folding stems and leaves
Chapter eleven. Arranging origami flora
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Additional resources for Origami Flowers
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Our knowledge of the true range of rate variation for conifers (and for all plants) is just beginning to unfold, but it seems prudent to examine the calibration assumptions if a rate estimation falls far outside of reported ranges. As an example of a useful molecular clock, two alternative calibration points were examined in a combined analysis of cpDNA sequences and morphological characters in Pinaceae (Gernandt et al. 2008). Pityostrobus bernissartensis Alvin (Barremian/Aptian, ca. 123 Mya) was used to set a minimum age for the divergence of Pinus from the Picea-Cathaya clade.
Between these extremes, ecological limitations on conifer distribution appear to be predominantly controlled by their ability to compete with angiosperms (Bond 1989; Coomes et al. 2005). Although mostly absent from deserts, conifers are often found in environments with relatively high levels of evaporative stress, such as high light—low temperature (alpine tree line), high light—high temperature (semi-desert pinyon-juniper woodlands), and in temperate ecosystems with summer drought and winter rain where they compete well with deciduous angiosperms.
The process of assigning a chronological date to a node is called calibrating, and the date is usually based on the fossil record. Unless the evolutionary rate has remained constant, the branch lengths must then be “fitted” so that all of the extant lineages that split from a common ancestor arrive at the tips of the tree at the same time—the present time if living organisms are sampled. There are three important issues to consider when calibrating a molecular clock, and each adds to the cumulative level of uncertainty: accuracy of the age estimate for the fossil, methods to smooth uneven evolutionary rates among branches, and the association of a fossil to a particular node on the tree.