By James Schooley
Written particularly for the horticultural pupil, this new textual content offers a great advent to botany for the nonscience significant. The book's systematic association round the five-kingdom approach successfully covers the botanical fundamentals, whereas the numerous illustrations make new medical techniques effortless to appreciate. by means of in actual fact offering such subject matters as respiratory, fermentation, photosynthesis, and actual homes of protoplasm, the textual content builds a high-quality organic starting place for extra learn within the plant sciences.
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Ltyo organic compounds of this type can react together to form a longer chain, as shown in figure 4-10. Because hydrogen is removedto create these compounds, thisis referred to as a dehydrogenation reaction. H I H-C-OH I H Figure 4-6 Structural formula for methyl alcohol. H H I H-C-OH I H H H I H I H-CC-C-OH H methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol propyl alcohol I H I l l I l l H-C-C-C-OH I H H H H Figure 4-7 Structural formulas for methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and propyl alcohol. 0 H-C, 4 OH Figure 4-8 Structural formula for formic acid.
They can be separated by crossing over. Further, if chiasmata and crossing over take place as readily at one position on the chromatid as at another (the chiasmata being random), crossing over may occur more frequently between A and G than between A and B. This is the basis of constructing a map of the positions of genesalong the length of a chromosome. A. H. Sturtevant did the pioneering work on gene mapping, based on the concept that genes are arranged in a linear series along the chromosome and the principle that the percentage of crossover is related to the distances between genes.
H 40 I I H-C-C-C, I I OH OH propionic acid acetic acid formic Figure 4-9 Structural formulasfor formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid. H H H HH HH H H H ethane I + l propane l - H I H I H I H-C-C-C-C-C-H - I I I H H I I I I pentane Figure 4-10 A dehydrogenation reaction causing the linkageof ethane and propaneto produce pentane. Amino Acids If a hydrogen atom that is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a carboxyl group is replaced with -NH, (an amino group), the compound becomes an amino acid, as shown in figure 4-11.