By Henk Aarts (ed.), Andrew Elliot (ed.)
This quantity offers chapters from the world over popular students within the sector of pursuits and social habit. The publication is equipped round a sequence of issues which are of severe value to figuring out the social-cognitive elements of goal-directed habit. In each one bankruptcy, the authors supply an advent to earlier learn on a selected subject and mix this with a presentation in their personal empirical paintings to supply an built-in review of the subject to hand. As a complete, this quantity is designed to supply a large portrait of objective study because it has been and is at the moment being carried out within the social mental literature. It serves as an creation to crucial matters, whereas while providing a sampling of state-of-the-art examine on center issues within the examine of goal-directed habit, corresponding to how targets are represented, the place targets come from, and what pursuits do within the means of regulation.
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Additional info for Goal-Directed Behavior
Sample text
It is also shaped by classic motivational factors, such as the strength of the need (or higher-order goal), that yielded the goal and by the incentive value of the task. Thus, when strong needs are being addressed by a task, or when the task itself has high incentive value, persistence is likely, even when the challenge is a difficult one. However, with low levels of energization, even a simple task may be disengaged when failure is confronted. An extensive body of research on action control (for a review, see Kuhl & Beckmann, 1994) provides one description of the processes involved in a person’s giving up on an incentive (another is Klinger’s, 1975, stage theory of disengagement).
This is the “E” in the TOTE model. Lewin (1935, 1951) suggested that the discrepancy functions much the same as the drive associated with a need state. Drives are described as a tension arising from tissue deficits (need states) that energize responses, responses that will 33 34 GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR reduce the deficit. For example, the tension associated with a need state such as hunger can be reduced by the organism being driven to approach one of many possible types of food. Goals do not involve tissue deficits, but they similarly involve deficits—discrepancies from a desired state.
If the means to a goal are part of the representation, then enacting flexion and extension behavior will implicitly trigger approach and avoidance goals, including implicit affect. And if implicit activation of affect triggers a goal, then the associated means to those goals would be triggered as well. Of course, it could merely be that approach behaviors are associated with positive affect without the need to be mediated through a goal. But recent evidence suggests that the affect-behavior link observed is mediated through affect and flexion-extension behavior (means), each being part of a shared goal representation (Eder & Rothermund, 2008; Lavender, & Hommel, 2007).