By Ernst Huenges, Patrick Ledru
Providing boundary stipulations for the commercial and environmental usage of geothermal expertise, this can be the 1st e-book to supply uncomplicated wisdom at the subject in such aspect. The editor is the coordinator of the eu Geothermic examine Initiative, whereas the authors are specialists for some of the geological occasions in Europe with hot temperature reservoirs in shallow and deep horizons.With its views for R&D in geothermic expertise concluding every one bankruptcy, this prepared reference should be of significant worth to scientists and decision-makers in study and politics, in addition to these giving classes in petroleum engineering, for instance.
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Additional resources for Geothermal Energy Systems: Exploration, Development, and Utilization
Sample text
2001). 8 Mean annual surface (air) temperature (in degrees centigrade) in Western Europe as published in Haenel et al. (1980), after a Climatic Atlas published in 1970 by UNESCO. 9 Left: Temperatures at 100 km depth estimated from the P and S velocity anomalies. ) Right: Tomographic models extracted from an upper mantle shear velocity model (Shapiro and Ritzwoller, 2002); top: diffraction tomography, bottom: ray tomography. , 2007), thus reinforcing the possible increase in underlying heat flow.
On the contrary, isotherms cannot be distorted for a small aspect-ratio conducting body but the resulting surface heat flow is enhanced. 5 W m−1 K−1 for sediments and around 6–7 W m−1 K−1 for rock salt and halite, according to Clauser, 2006). Consequently, temperature gradient within a thick evaporitic layer may thus be decreased by a factor of 4, leading to a cooling effect of several tens of degrees centigrade for a 2–3-km-thick layer. 5 Two-dimensional effect of a high heat producing granite on temperature field (a) and geotherms (b).
1 The Geology of Potential Heat Sources To get heat is the first condition for defining a geothermal reservoir. How can we explore potential heat sources? It has been shown that thermal boundary conditions (the mean annual surface temperature, temperatures at depth estimated from the P and S velocity anomalies) and thermal properties of the main lithologies and structure at depth enable the first calculation of extrapolated temperature at depth and thus the delineation of potential zones of high-thermal gradient.