By Wayne M. Ahr
* An available source, masking the basics of carbonate reservoir engineering* comprises discussions on how, the place and why carbonate are shaped, plus studies of uncomplicated sedimentological and stratigraphic ideas to give an explanation for carbonate platform features and stratigraphic relationships* deals a brand new, genetic category of carbonate porosity that's specifically valuable in predicting spatial distribution of pore networks.* incorporates a answer guide
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Extra resources for Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs: The Identification, Description and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Carbonate Rocks
Example text
4b) are particles produced by detrition (mechanical wear); they include resedimented fragments of contemporaneous or older rock known as intraclasts and lithoclasts, respectively, following Folk (1959). Clasts indicate erosion and resedimentation of lithified or partly lithified carbonates, some of which may have been weakened by bioerosion (rock boring and grinding by specialized organisms) or by weathering. 4c) is an all-inclusive term coined by McKee and Gutschick (1969) to include rounded, aggregate grains of microcrystalline carbonate.
Fractured reservoirs are discussed in Chapter 7. 3a) is the spatial orientation and alignment of grains in a detrital rock. Elongate grains can be aligned and oriented by paleocurrents. Flat pebbles in conglomerates and breccias may be imbricated by unidirectional current flow. These fabrics affect reservoir porosity and can impart directional permeability, ultimately affecting reservoir performance characteristics. Elongate skeletal fragments such as echinoid spines, crinoid columnals, spicules, some foraminifera, and elongate bivalve and high-spired gastropod shells are common in carbonate reservoirs.
The long axis of each pellet is about 2 mm. (Grabau, 1960). 7). 8) and Riding (2002). A scheme to include depositional, diagenetic, and biological aspects of carbonates in one classification system was proposed by Wright (1992). , algal laminae); includes Stromatactis cavities Mud cracks, desiccation polygons (related to “teepee” structures), desiccation wrinkles in algal laminae, and fenestral or bird’s-eye fabric Contorted bedding, fluid escape structures, and detached bodies of “exotic” sediment Stylolites, diagenetic enhancement of bedding irregularities, and closure of intergranular pores Biological growth patterns Desiccation Slope failure and fluidization Compaction Influence on Reservoir Performance Environmental Association Descriptive Characteristics Sedimentary Structures Formative Processes 24 CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES A Main trench, North wall SW 6° 4° 25° 0° 1 19° 4° 10° 14° 32 ° 0° 0° 14 ° 14° 33 35 ° ° NE 10° 5° 6° 12 0° 1 5° 33 12° ° ° 32 ° ?