By Christophe Plomion, Jean Bousquet, Chittaranjan Kole
With contributions via the world over reputed researchers within the box, this booklet provides the consequences of the genomic revolution for conifers―promoting a greater figuring out of the evolution of those organisms in addition to new wisdom concerning the molecular foundation of quantitative trait version. either one of those discoveries play very important roles of their domestication. issues contain cytogenetics, styles of nucleotide variety, genetic mapping, integration of molecular markers in breeding, transcriptomics, advances in proteomics and metabolomics in gymnosperms, and financial importance.
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Additional info for Genetics, genomics, and breeding of conifers
Example text
Our knowledge of the true range of rate variation for conifers (and for all plants) is just beginning to unfold, but it seems prudent to examine the calibration assumptions if a rate estimation falls far outside of reported ranges. As an example of a useful molecular clock, two alternative calibration points were examined in a combined analysis of cpDNA sequences and morphological characters in Pinaceae (Gernandt et al. 2008). Pityostrobus bernissartensis Alvin (Barremian/Aptian, ca. 123 Mya) was used to set a minimum age for the divergence of Pinus from the Picea-Cathaya clade.
Between these extremes, ecological limitations on conifer distribution appear to be predominantly controlled by their ability to compete with angiosperms (Bond 1989; Coomes et al. 2005). Although mostly absent from deserts, conifers are often found in environments with relatively high levels of evaporative stress, such as high light—low temperature (alpine tree line), high light—high temperature (semi-desert pinyon-juniper woodlands), and in temperate ecosystems with summer drought and winter rain where they compete well with deciduous angiosperms.
The process of assigning a chronological date to a node is called calibrating, and the date is usually based on the fossil record. Unless the evolutionary rate has remained constant, the branch lengths must then be “fitted” so that all of the extant lineages that split from a common ancestor arrive at the tips of the tree at the same time—the present time if living organisms are sampled. There are three important issues to consider when calibrating a molecular clock, and each adds to the cumulative level of uncertainty: accuracy of the age estimate for the fossil, methods to smooth uneven evolutionary rates among branches, and the association of a fossil to a particular node on the tree.