By Mashael Mohammed Al Saud
During the earlier years, Saudi Arabia has been tormented by fairly critical torrential rains and floods. This e-book offers an in-depth and all-encompassing examine at the floods that happened within the Jeddah region in 2009 and 2011, together with water-flow mechanisms, cutting-edge concepts for flood evaluate, flood keep watch over and acceptable administration methods. It highlights a few equipment and ideas that may be utilized in related components in Saudi Arabia as a way to decrease and mitigate the effect of torrential rains and floods.
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Additional info for Flood Control Management for the City and Surroundings of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Example text
Normally, the higher the slope rate (angle with horizon) of surrounding surfaces, the higher the velocity of flow from these surfaces to a specific valley. The valley will capture the water and water level will rise, maybe overflowing onto the flood plains. In order to calculate these geometric variables from DEMs, each hydrologic system must be treated separately (a number of surfaces in defined direction, which is mostly attributed to sub-catchments). Since these variables will be used to study the overland flow, it is necessary to analyze the values of each basin in the study area.
Such expansion has also been pronounced in the northern areas towards Obher. A comparison of the analyzed satellite images retrieved in 1996 with those of 2001, as well as with topographic maps produced in 1975, makes it clear that urban expansion in Jeddah and its surroundings increased three-times over 21 years (1975–1996). 7 over 15 years (1996–2011). 7). The cause of this dramatic urban expansion is that Jeddah City is considered to be a transit station (in terms of land, sea and air travel) for people who come from all over the world to make pilgrimages and perform other religious tasks, and then remain in the city afterwards.
The channel slope is calculated using the following simplified equation: L length of the channel = Difference in elevation Ah However, stream channels are characterized by different slope gradients. Morisawa’s (1976) equation (below) can be used to estimate the channel slope at different points along this channel. 85 L) means an elevation at 85 % distance at the upstream of the channel, and so on for the rest of the values in the above equation. However, in the case of DEM data availability, calculating the channel slope can be done more accurately and reliably than by mathematical equations.