By Kenneth C. Budka
This publication provides an application-centric method of the advance of shrewdpermanent grid communique structure. The insurance comprises in-depth stories of such state of the art functions as complicated metering infrastructure, distribution automation, call for reaction and synchrophasors. good points: examines quite a number intriguing application functions made attainable via shrewdpermanent grid evolution; describes the core-edge community structure for clever grids, introducing the idea that of WANs and fanatics; explains how the community layout paradigm for shrewdpermanent grids differs from that for extra demonstrated information networks, and discusses community protection in shrewdpermanent grids; presents an summary of conversation community applied sciences for WANs and enthusiasts, protecting OPGW, PLC, and LTE and MPLS expertise; investigates safe data-centric facts administration and information analytics for clever grids; discusses the transformation of a community from traditional modes of software operation to an built-in community in keeping with the shrewdpermanent grid structure framework.
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Extra info for Communication Networks for Smart Grids: Making Smart Grid Real
Example text
3 are described in detail in Chaps. 4 and 5. For details of other entities within the various domains, see [NIST12]. 3 Objectives of the Smart Grid Communication Network The primary objective of the communication network for the Smart Grid is to support traffic for all applications – both existing utility applications and planned and future Smart Grid applications. The currently predominant practice of building individual network(s) to support each new emerging application is not efficient and increases complexities in building new networks as well as in operating multiple networks.
3b). Note that the phase angle is relative. We have chosen the sinusoid v(t) to be a reference; thus, the phase angle (or simply the phase) of v(t) is zero. Since the phase angle of i(t) is negative (relative to v(t)), we say that i(t) lags behind v(t), or v(t) leads i(t). 2f /t : Thus, the instantaneous power is a sinusoid of twice the line frequency and there is no constant term unlike that for the instantaneous power for a resistor as in Eq. 3). Since a sinusoid integrates to zero over its period, the average energy consumed by the inductor is zero.
It is clear that the power transferred is less than the product VI if V and I are not in phase. However, as shown in Eq. 4), at any time instant, power is either transferred to the load or received back from the load, depending on whether the second term in Eq. 4) computes to a positive or a negative value. ) The power transferred to the load that is received back is the reactive power Q D VI sin'. Q is measured in VAR units. 2 Power Generation Traditional thermal, (large) hydro, and nuclear power plants generate AC power from synchronous generators that convert the kinetic rotational energy of the turbines driven by the respective sources of energy to electric energy.