By Linus Pauling
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Sample text
408, 1923). 10. Eotvos' Law. The variation of surface tension with the temperature has been studied by many observers with the view of testing the theory of Eotvos that the molar free surface energy of any liquid should be proportional to the distance from its critical temperature and to a-. = RT, the universal constant, a "law" analogous to the gas law product PV PV being the free molar volume energy of the gas. Corre- spondingly in the case of the liquid- vapour surface the molar free energy is proportional to the product of a- and the surface occupied (M\* j , where M is the molecular weight and p the density of the liquid.
In the case of solutions also Goard has noted that in phenol solutions possessing identical surface concentrations of phenol the surface tension varies with the nature of the underlying bulk phase, being higher for solutions containing salt (see p. 42). 8. The surface energy and latent heat of evaporation. Many attempts have been made to correlate the latent heat of evaporation of a liquid and its surface tension (see Edser, Fourth Report on Colloid Chemistry}. The process of evaporation may be considered to take place in two stages.
We thus obtain On differentiation we obtain = ffdA -f Ada- + Td (ASj) + ASi dT + ^dAT, + + 2 dAT 2 + AT d(* + 2 fj, Subtracting from (3) and dividing through by A 2 we ...... (4). obtain dtr^-SidT-^dfr-Ttdfr-.... For a binary system at constant temperature da- = I\ d/j,! this reduces to T z dp%. we have placed arbitrarily in the be drawn in such a position that I\ is If our geometrical surface, which non-homogeneous zero we region, obtain dor = r2 cZjU, 2 - For ideal solutions the relationship between the chemical potential and the concentration is given by the expression = fj, whence For -da- lJ.