By Wolfgang Demtröder
This creation to Atomic and Molecular Physics explains how our current version of atoms and molecules has been constructed over the past centuries through many experimental discoveries and from the theoretical facet by means of the creation of quantum physics to the sufficient description of micro-particles.
It illustrates the wave version of debris through many examples and indicates the boundaries of classical description. The interplay of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules and its strength for spectroscopy is printed in additional aspect and specifically lasers as glossy spectroscopic instruments are mentioned extra thoroughly.
Many examples and issues of ideas should still set off the reader to an excessive energetic cooperation.
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Extra info for An Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Physics
Example text
However, one should always keep in mind that such pictures are produced due to the interaction of light or particles with atoms. Only if this interaction is fully understood can the interpretation of the images give a true model of atoms or molecules. This will be illustrated by the different techniques discussed in the following sections. 19 20 2. 1 Brownian Motion The biologist and medical doctor Robert Brown (1773– 1858) discovered in 1827 that small particles suspended in liquids performed small irregular movements, which can be viewed under a microscope.
Still nothing was known about the spatial distribution of negative and positive charges within the atom and about the sizes of the charged particles. 2 Measurement of the Elementary Charge e − + U R − Fluorescent screen K A b) B1 B2 + Deflection plates Fig. 37a,b. Experimental arrangement of Thomson for the determination of the ratio e/m of cathode rays through their deflection (a) in a magnetic field and (b) in an electric field The negative light particles of the cathode rays were named electrons after a proposal by J.
20, 21] in 1984 by Gerd Binning (*1947) and Heinrich Rohrer (*1933), who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986 for this invention. Similar to the electron field microscope a tungsten needle with a very sharply etched tip is used, which is however, not fixed but is scanned in a controllable way at a very small distance (a few tenths of a nanometer) over the surface. Amplifier and control feedback Tunnel current Fig. 27. Scanning tunneling microscope If a small voltage of a few volts is applied between the tip (cathode) and the surface (anode) the electrons can jump from the needle into the surface by a process called tunneling (see Sect.