By Oscar W. Gabriel (auth.), Oscar W. Gabriel, Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, Hank V. Savitch (eds.)
Der Band enthält eine Bestandsaufnahme der Struktur und Entwicklung großstädtischer Demokratien im Übergang zur postindustriellen Gesellschaft. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, in welcher Weise der Strukturwandel der westlichen Gesellschaften die Einflußverteilung zwischen der Bevölkerung, den Institutionen des Interessenvermittlungssystems und den lokalen Eliten beeinflußt hat.
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Part of the integration tasks that exist in the Copenhagen region therefore can 58 Henry Back/Falke JahanssoniHelge 0. Larsen be regarded as internalized by the core cities in the Helsinki, Goteborg, Malmo and Oslo regions. 6. 1 Participation at the municipal level We will start by discussing a basic social prerequisite for political participation: organizational activity. The importance of and the effects of organizational membership has recently been put in focus by Robert Putnam (1993). Membership and activity in different kinds of voluntary organizations are important in two senses with regard to political participation.
Other aspects of centralization and integration may may be related to increasing socio-economic and ethnic segregation, and the fiscal problems of the 'core cities' which were particularly aggravated by these de4 General sources for this section are Norton 1994 and Council of Europe 1993, 1996. Local government in Nordic big cities 55 velopments. Not least important is the need for coordination raised by the increasing competition for investments between metropolitan areas in the internationalizing economy.
5 Markets and user influence as alternatives It has been stated above that there are some more tendencies in local govern- ment institutional reform in Denmark and Sweden, other than political de- Local government in Nordic big cities 43 centralization to neighborhood committees. The usual solution in Denmark has been to focus on the consumers of local services. Efforts have been made to establish new channels for the direct influence of parents in child-care institutions and schools, for older citizens to influence institutions for care of the elderly and so on.