By David Benatar
Does sexism opposed to males exist? What it feels like and why we have to take it seriously
This e-book attracts cognizance to the "second sexism," the place it exists, the way it works and what it appears like, and responds to those that could deny that it exists. difficult traditional methods of pondering, it examines debatable matters comparable to sex-based affirmative motion, gender roles, and costs of anti-feminism. The ebook bargains an academically rigorous argument in an available variety, together with the cautious use of empirical info, and contains examples and engages in a dialogue of ways intercourse discrimination opposed to males and boys additionally undermines the reason for woman equality.
Read or Download The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys PDF
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Extra resources for The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys
Sample text
As the economy grew more national, and even international, in scope, issues were not as easily addressed by individual states. For instance, public concern with issues such as worker’s rights and child labor could more consistently be dealt with on a national level. Also, the growing importance of the issue of individual civil rights made it hard to justify disparate rights between states. Once the national legislature set policy on such matters, the opportunity for states to exercise concurrent authority evaporated.
This was a blow for the states’ independent sovereignty, for it declared that they were subordinate to the national government. This decision did not take away concurrent powers 25 the states’ concurrent taxing authority in its entirety, but it was limited. The establishment of national supremacy had significant implications for the exercise of concurrent powers because it meant that the national government could always trump the states’ jurisdiction, effectively taking away concurrent authority whenever it wanted to.
Federal regulation relied on an “effect of commerce” rule; that is, whether an activity within a state had an obvious effect or impact on interstate commerce so as to justify the exercise of federal power. The stream of commerce doctrine, first articulated by Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1905, was one such test to implement the effects rule. In Swift & Co. v. United States (1905), the Court rejected the claim of Chicago stockyard firms, which were challenging federal prosecutions for conspiring to restrain trade, that the purchase and sale of cattle in Chicago stockyards was not commerce among the states.