By M. Colvin
The definition of punishment in the United States has been subjected to various alterations and has served because the foundation for far debate over the process U.S. background. simply how some distance the succeed in of penal authority should still expand, and precisely what limits to it may be imposed, are questions explored the following via sociologist Dr. Mark Colvin, who has wide event operating in penitentiaries and correction enterprises.
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Extra info for Penitentiaries, Reformatories and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth Century America
Example text
But since the certainty of formal punishment had always been low in colonial America (especially for capital crimes), because of pardons and other official acts of mercy, declining deterrence in the late 1700s is more likely the consequence of lowered community bonds and the subsequent decline in informal controls rather than the result of any reluctance to carry out sentences. The crisis of confidence among elites in the efficacy of traditional punishments prompted a search following the American Revolution for new alternatives that might prove more effective.
What produced repulsion in these upper-middle-class individuals was the “civilized sensibilities” inculcated from their childhood socialization. It is thus no accident that reformers who sought a lessening of the open brutality of punishment came from the upper-middle, educated classes in Western European societies. Their reforms of punishment systems went hand-in-hand with their attempts at “moral education” of the “meaner classes,” a moral education whose banner was raised by an emerging bourgeois class of merchants.
What they produced, they and their families consumed; any surplus, which was minimal, was bartered or given to neighbors. Only occasionally would surplus be sold as a commodity. Unrelieved, self-disciplined effort was not a strong element of the subsistence culture, since productive effort would cease once basic needs had been met (Sellers 1991: 12). Since the subsistence economy did not involve the accumulation of surplus wealth, no marked class differences emerged among these Euro-American, landowning families.