By Jacques Le Goff
Le clerc, qui ne se confond pas avec le prêtre ou le moine, est le descendant d'une lignée originale dans l'Occident urbain du Moyen Age : celle des intellectuels. Le mot est moderne, il a l'avantage de désigner à l. a. fois le penseur et l'enseignant, et de ne pas être équivoque.L'enquête de Jacques Le Goff est une creation à l. a. sociologie historique de l'intellectuel occidental. Mais elle fait aussi l. a. half du singulier et du divers, et devient ainsi une galerie de caractères finement analysés.La première édition de cet ouvrage devenu classique a paru aux versions du Seuil en 1957. Elle reparaît aujourd'hui augmentée d'une préface et d'une longue bibliographie critique dans lesquelles Jacques Le Goff fait droit aux travaux parus depuis l. a. première booklet, et bien souvent inspirés par elle.
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G. T. H. Christie (1953). Indeed, it is doubtful whether Daniel M’Naghten himself (who died in Broadmoor Hospital in 186513) would have been entitled to the benefit of those rules if they had been applied at his trial instead of the more ambiguous test used by Tindal, CJ in his direction to the jury, namely: whether the defendant ‘had or had not the use of his understanding so as to know that he was doing a wrong or wicked act violating the laws of God and man’. As it so happened, the overdue statutory recognition of the ‘diminished responsibility’ defence in England and Wales was not brought about until Parliament was ready to enact the Homicide Act 1957 and to start the process of abolishing the death penalty for murder.
Six inhabitants of that island were convicted of various sexual offences and their appeals (raising, amongst other issues, the legal age of consent to sexual intercourse on Pitcairn Island) were held in New Zealand (see: Daily Telegraph, 3 March 2006). ). New Zealand itself had abolished appeals to the JCPC in 2003, when it had established its own Supreme Court. 59(1)(b), [New Zealand] Supreme Court Act 2003). In Lundy v The Queen [2013] UKPC 28 (reported in The Times, 10 December 2013 as R v Lundy) Lord Hope, giving the judgement of the panel of five judges (including the Chief Justice of New Zealand), explained that ‘Difficulties in funding an appeal, the lack of legal aid, and problems associated with persuading counsel to act pro bono combined to prevent an application for permission to appeal being made until November 2012’ (see: Privy Council Appeal No.
14 fn 10. 15 fn 5. Human rights in British and European law 37 law of homicide might be (non-fatal) arson committed by a pyromaniac, or shoplifting committed by a kleptomaniac. However much these conditions might be judged (by psychiatrists) to ‘diminish’ a defendant’s criminal responsibility, they cannot be relied upon as a defence to arson or theft in England and Wales. The defendant’s condition will be relevant only to sentencing. The Homicide Act 1957 did not apply to Northern Ireland and so it was a Northern Irish case (Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland 16) which led the House of Lords to determine what the legal position would be if a defendant, who had unlawfully killed another person, could not produce any explanation or expert evidence (other than some unknown internal cause of mind or body) as to why he or she had done so.